What Are the Early Warning Signs of Cervical Cancer?

by Dr Vijayashree Murthy, Surgical Oncology Specialist, HCG Cancer Centre Mumbai

Detecting any kind of disease in their early stages significantly enhances the probability of successful treatment. One can also be alert to early warning signs by closely monitoring changes in their body. Remaining mindful of potential signs and symptoms associated with the disease is essential to prevent delay in diagnosis.

In India, cervical cancer is the third most common form of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths, mainly due to late detection. In most cases, cervical cancer is difficult to detect as it rarely causes any symptoms, especially in the early stages. The only way to prevent late diagnosis and ensure timely detection of cervical cancer is by regular screening.

Cervical cancer occurs in the lower segment of the uterus (womb) that links to the vagina. The primary factor contributing to cervical cancer is the persistent infection caused by high-risk strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection. Although not all HPV infections result in cervical cancer, some high-risk infections can raise the likelihood of developing this ailment.

What are the common causes of cervical cancer?

Most cervical cancer is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), which is sexually transmitted. This virus is also responsible for causing genital warts. 

There are more than a hundred strains of HPV, and only specific versions of them can cause cervical cancer. The two types that are primarily associated with cervical cancer are HPV-16 and HPV-18. In addition, a woman who is infected with the cancer-causing strain of HPV will not necessarily get cervical cancer. The immune system automatically eliminates most HPV infections within two years. 

What are the common signs and symptoms of cervical cancer?

Although there may be only a few or even no signs of cervical cancer in the initial stages, as the cancer progresses, specific symptoms will appear. These may include the following:

Abnormal vaginal bleeding: Although having irregular periods occasionally or spotting can occur for most women, changes that aren’t typical during the menstrual cycle should be brought to the attention of a healthcare professional. This is because vaginal bleeding, especially after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause, can be a sign of advanced cervical cancer. 

Unusual vaginal discharge:  While vaginal discharge is a normal phenomenon, the type of discharge experienced can be an indicator of vaginal health. In cases related to cervical cancer, vaginal discharge is generally foul-smelling while being pink, brown, or bloody in color. Since vaginal discharge can be caused by numerous reasons, getting routinely tested is highly vital to rule out any potential disease.  

Painful sexual intercourse: Women who are in the advanced cervical cancer stages may experience pain during sexual intercourse.

Pain in the pelvic region: Menstrual cramps can cause a lot of pain in the pelvic area. However, they are not the only cause of pain in this region. If the pain experienced by a woman is more than the one experienced during menstrual cycles, it is best to get it checked. The pain could be sharp or dull, concentrated in one area or even throughout the pelvic area. 

Changes in bladder or bowel movements: In advanced cases, cervical cancer can cause changes in bladder or bowel movement, like a persistent and increasing need to urinate or changes in stool consistency. When these happen, it could be a sign that the cancer has spread to the kidneys, bladder, or colon.

Is cervical cancer preventable?

Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable and treatable forms of cancer, especially if it is detected at an early stage and managed effectively. Even cervical cancer that is diagnosed in late stages can be controlled with appropriate treatment and palliative care.

One of the simplest methods to prevent cervical cancer is through regular screenings, which are done by a Pap smear or hrHPV test. In most cases, these tests can detect precancerous cells so they can be treated before they become cancer.

Another way to reduce the risk of cervical cancer is through vaccination, which is most effective before a person becomes sexually active. Both boys and girls can be vaccinated against HPV.

Some other ways to reduce the risk of contracting HPV and cervical cancer include limiting the number of sexual partners and using a condom when having vaginal, oral, or anal sex.